Los Angeles Police Department

Los Angeles Police Department
Abbreviation LAPD
LAPD Seal.jpg
Seal of the Los Angeles Police Department
LAPDpolicebadge.jpg
Badge of the Los Angeles Police Department
Motto "To Protect and to Serve"
Agency overview
Formed 1869
Employees 13,268
Annual budget $1.4 billion
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction* City of Los Angeles in the state of California, United States
Size 498 sq mi (1,290 km²)
Population 3.8 million
Legal jurisdiction City of Los Angeles, California
Governing body Los Angeles City Council
General nature
  • Law enforcement
  • Local civilian police
Operational structure
Overviewed by Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners
Headquarters 100 West 1st Street
Los Angeles, California
Police Officers 10,005
Unsworn members 3,263
Commissioners responsible
  • Anthony Pacheco, President
  • John Mak, Vice-President
  • Andrea Ordin, Member
  • Robert M. Saltzman, Member
  • Alan J. Skobin, Member
Agency executives
  • Charles L. Beck,
    Chief of Police
  • Sandy Jo MacArthur, Assistant Chief - Administrative Services[1]
  • Earl Paysinger, Assistant Chief - Operations[1]
  • Michel Moore, Assistant Chief - Special Services[1]
Divisions
Bureaus
Facilities
Areas
Police Boats 2
Helicopters 26
Planes 3
Website
www.lapdonline.org
Footnotes
* Divisional agency: Division of the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction.

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the police department of the city of Los Angeles, California. With just over 10,000 officers and more than 3,000 civilian staff, covering an area of 498 square miles (1,290 km2) with a population of more than 3.8 million people, it is the third largest local law enforcement agency in the United States.[2]

The LAPD has been heavily fictionalized in numerous movies and television shows throughout its history. The department has also been involved in a number of controversies, mostly involving racial animosity and police corruption.

Contents

History

The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853 as the Los Angeles Rangers, a volunteer force that assisted the existing County forces.[3][4] The Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling and "vice".[3] The first paid force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren.[3] By 1900, under John M. Glass, there were 70 officers, one for every 1,500 people. In 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200.[3]

During World War II, under Clemence B. Horrall, the overall number of personnel was depleted by the demands of the military.[5] Despite efforts to maintain numbers, the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.[5]

Horrall was replaced by a retired Marine general, William A. Worton, who acted as interim chief until 1950, when William H. Parker succeeded him and would serve until his death in 1966. Parker advocated police professionalism and autonomy from civilian administration. However, the Bloody Christmas scandal in 1951 led to calls for civilian accountability and an end to alleged police brutality.[6]

Under Parker, LAPD also formed the first SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) team in United States law enforcement[7][8] Officer John Nelson and then-inspector Daryl Gates created the program in 1965 to deal with threats from radical organizations such as the Black Panther Party operating during the Vietnam War era.[7]

Fallen officers

Since the establishment of the Los Angeles Police Department, 200 officers have died in the line of duty.[9] The Los Angeles Police Memorial is a monument outside Parker Center, the LAPD's old headquarters, and was unveiled on October 1, 1971.[10] The monument is a fountain made from black granite, the base of which is inscribed with the names of the LAPD officers who have died while serving the City of Los Angeles.[10]

The cause of deaths are as follows:

Cause of deaths Number of deaths
Aircraft accident
8
Automobile accident
28
Bicycle accident
1
Bomb
2
Electrocuted
1
Fall
1
Fire
1
Gunfire
99
Gunfire (accidental)
4
Heart attack
3
Motorcycle accident
35
Struck by streetcar
1
Struck by train
4
Struck by vehicle
4
Train accident
1
Training accident
1
Vehicle pursuit
2
Vehicular assault
4

Organization

Parker Center - former headquarters
New Police Administration Building (opened October 2009)

The Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD.[11] The board is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing the LAPD's overall management and operations. The Chief of Police reports to the board, but the rest of the department reports to the chief.[12] The old headquarters for the LAPD was the Parker Center, named after former chief William H. Parker, which still stands at 150 N. Los Angeles St. The new headquarters is the new Police Administration Building located at 100 W. 1st St., immediately south of Los Angeles City Hall, which officially opened in October 2009.

Office of Operations

The majority of the LAPD's 10,000 officers are assigned within the Office of Operations, whose primary office is located in the new Police Administration Building.[13] An Assistant Chief commands the office, and reports directly to the Chief of Police. The LAPD comprises 21 stations, known officially as "Areas" but also commonly referred to as "Divisions."[14] The 21 stations are grouped geographically into four command areas, each known as a "Bureau."[14] There are two additional bureaus, the Detective Bureau and the Special Operations Bureau. The latest areas, "Olympic" and "Topanga," were added on January 4, 2009.[15]

The Real-Time Analysis & Critical Response Division began operations in March 2006. It is composed of the Department Operations Section, which includes the Department Operations Center Unit, Department Operations Support Unit and the Incident Command Post Unit; Detective Support Section and the Crime Analysis Section.[16]

Structure Chart

Central Bureau South Bureau Valley Bureau West Bureau
Central Area 77th Street Area Devonshire Area Hollywood Area
Hollenbeck Area Harbor Area Foothill Area Olympic Area
Newton Area Southeast Area Mission Area Pacific Area
Northeast Area Southwest Area North Hollywood Area West Los Angeles Area
Rampart Area Van Nuys Area Wilshire Area
West Valley Area

Operations - Central Bureau

Central Facilities Building

The Central Bureau is responsible for downtown Los Angeles and East Los Angeles,[17] and is the most densely populated of the four patrol bureaus.[17] It consists of five patrol divisions and a traffic division, which handles traffic-related duties such as accident investigation and the issuing of citations/tickets.[18]

Central Division

The Central Area (#1) station serves the majority of downtown Los Angeles, including Los Angeles City Hall, the Los Angeles Convention Center, the Staples Center, the Fashion District, and the Financial District.[19]

Hollenbeck Division

The Hollenbeck Area (#4) community police station serves the easternmost portions of the city of Los Angeles, including the communities of Boyle Heights, Lincoln Heights, and El Sereno.[20]

Newton Division

The Newton Area (#13) serves South Los Angeles, as well as portions of downtown Los Angeles, including part of the Fashion District.[21]

Northeast Division

The Northeast Area (#11) is responsible for parts of central Los Angeles including Elysian Park (Dodger Stadium) and Silver Lake, along with the easternmost parts of Los Feliz and Hollywood, as well as the northeast Los Angeles communities of Highland Park, Eagle Rock, and Glassell Park.[22]

Rampart Division
The New Rampart Police Station

The Rampart Area (#2) serves regions to the west and northwest of Downtown Los Angeles including Echo Park, Pico-Union and Westlake, all together designated as the Rampart Division's patrol area.[23] It was the Rampart Division building, which was newly constructed at the time, that served as the home station in the Jack Webb created police drama Adam-12, although the show used the number designation (1), for Central Division.

Operations - South Bureau

The South Bureau oversees South Los Angeles with the exception of Inglewood[24] and Compton, which are both separate cities that maintain their own law enforcement agencies (in Compton's case, a contract with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department).[25] The South Bureau consists of four patrol divisions and a traffic division, which handles traffic-related duties such as accident investigation and the issuing of citations/tickets.[26]

77th Street Division

The 77th Street Area (#12) serves a portion of South Los Angeles, roughly in an area south of Vernon Avenue, west of the Harbor Freeway, north of Manchester Avenue and points west to the city limits, including the Crenshaw region. A section of South Central Los Angeles that borders Florence, Central and Manchester Avenues to the Harbor Freeway is also part of this division.[27]

Harbor Division

The Harbor Area (#5) serves all of San Pedro, Wilmington and the Harbor Gateway annex south of Artesia Boulevard. This division often works with the Port of Los Angeles Police.[28] The 260 patrol officers, detectives and support staff are operated out of the new $40-million, 50,000-square-foot police station, which was opened on Friday, April 25, 2009. It is located at 2175 John S. Gibson Blvd.[29]

Southeast Division

The Southeast Area (#18), like the 77th Street Division, patrols a part of South Los Angeles.[30] Their area extends to the city limits north of Artesia Boulevard, includes Watts, and areas south of Manchester Avenue.[31]

Southwest Division

The Southwest Area (#3) serves all of the city limits south of the Santa Monica Freeway, west of the Harbor Freeway, north of Vernon Avenue, and east of the Culver City/Lennox/Baldwin Hills area.[32] This section also includes the University of Southern California and Exposition Park.[33]

Operations - Valley Bureau

The Valley Bureau is the largest of the four patrol bureaus in terms of size (about 221 square miles),[34] and oversees operations within the San Fernando Valley.[34] It consists of seven patrol divisions and a traffic division, which handles traffic-related duties such as accident investigation and the issuing of citations/tickets.[35]

Mission Division

The Mission Area (#19) community police station began operations in May 2005. This was the first new station to be created in more than a quarter of a century. The Mission Area covers the eastern half of the old Devonshire and the western half of the Foothill divisions in the San Fernando Valley, including Mission Hills and Panorama City.[36]

Devonshire Division

The Devonshire Area (#17) is responsible for the northwestern parts of the San Fernando Valley, including parts of Chatsworth and Northridge[37]

Foothill Division

The Foothill Area (#16) patrols parts of the San Fernando Valley (including Sun Valley) and the Crescenta Valley (including Sunland-Tujunga).[38]

North Hollywood Division

The North Hollywood Area (#15) is responsible for Studio City and the North Hollywood region.[39]

Van Nuys Division

The Van Nuys Area (#9) serves the area of Van Nuys, California.[40]

West Valley Division

The West Valley Area (#10) is responsible for parts of the San Fernando Valley, including parts of Northridge and Reseda, where it is based.[41]

Topanga Division

The Topanga (#21) community police station began operations on January 4, 2009.[15] It is responsible for parts of the San Fernando Valley that are within the city's 3rd Council District (represented by former officer Dennis Zine), including Woodland Hills and Canoga Park, where it is based.[42]

Operations - West Bureau

The West Bureau's operations cover most of the well-known areas of Los Angeles, including Hollywood, the Hollywood Hills area, the UCLA campus and Venice.[43] This does not include Beverly Hills[44] and Santa Monica,[45] which are separate from Los Angeles and maintain their own law enforcement agencies. The West Bureau consists of five patrol divisions and a traffic division, which handles traffic-related duties such as accident investigation and the issuing of citations/tickets.[46]

Hollywood Division

The Hollywood Area (#6) community police station serves the Hollywood region, including the Hollywood Hills, Hollywood Boulevard and the Sunset Strip.[47]

Wilshire Division

The Wilshire Area (#7) community police station serves the Mid-Wilshire "Miracle Mile" region, including Koreatown, Mid-City, Carthay, and the Fairfax District.[48]

Pacific Division

The Pacific Area (#14) community police station serves the southern portion of West Los Angeles, including Venice Beach, Venice and Playa del Rey. Some officers assigned to the Pacific Division are commonly assigned to work with the Los Angeles Airport Police at the Los Angeles International Airport.[49] Pacific Division was formerly known as "Venice Division."

West Los Angeles Division

The West Los Angeles Area (#8) community police station serves the northern portion of the West Side.[50] Communities within its service area include Pacific Palisades, Century City, Brentwood, Westwood, West Los Angeles and Cheviot Hills. UCLA and Twentieth Century Fox are both located here.[51]

Olympic Division
One of the LAPD's newest stations, Olympic Station

The Olympic (#20) community police station opened its doors on January 4, 2009, with an open house on January 17. The Olympic Area will be a small section of the Hollywood Division, and is composed of areas from Rampart and Wilshire divisions.[15][52] It provides services to a 6.2-square-mile area of the Mid-City region, including Koreatown and a section of the Miracle Mile, with a population of 200,000.[52] The 54,000-square-foot station is located at the southeast corner of Vermont Avenue and Eleventh Street and houses 293 officers. The construction cost was $34 million.

Detective Bureau

The Detective Bureau, which now reports directly to the Chief of Police, consists of several divisions and sections responsible for investigating a variety of crimes.[53][54]

Special Operations Bureau

The Special Operations Bureau provides the Los Angeles Police Department specialized tactical resources in support of operations during daily field activities, unusual occurrences and, especially, during serious disturbances and elevated terrorism threat conditions.[57]

Structure of the Special Operations Bureau

Rank structure and insignia

Rank insignia for Lieutenant I and up are metal pins worn on the collars of the shirt and the shoulders of the jacket. Rank insignia for Sergeant II and below are embroidered chevrons worn on the upper sleeves.

Tenured officers will have silver-gray hash-marks on the lower left side of their long-sleeved shirts. Each mark represents five years of service.

Title Insignia
Chief of Police
US-O10 insignia.svg
Assistant Chief / Deputy Chief II
US-O9 insignia.svg
Deputy Chief I
US-O8 insignia.svg
Commander
US-O7 insignia.svg
Captain I / Captain II / Captain III
LAPD Captain.jpg
Lieutenant I / Lieutenant II
LAPD Lieutenant.jpg
Sergeant II
LAPD Sergeant-2.jpg
Sergeant I
LAPD Sergeant-1.jpg
Detective III
LAPD Detective-3.jpg
Detective II
LAPD Detective-2.jpg
Detective I
LAPD Detective-1.jpg
Police Officer III+1 / Senior Lead Officer
LAPD Police Officer-3+1 - Senior Lead Officer.jpg
Police Officer III
LAPD Police Officer-3.jpg
Police Officer I / Police Officer II

Chiefs of Police

Since 1876, there have been 56 appointed chiefs of the Los Angeles Police Department. William H. Parker was the longest serving police chief in Los Angeles Police Department history, serving for 16 years as chief.[58]

Staffing

Limitations

The Los Angeles Police Department has suffered from chronic underfunding and under-staffing recently.[59] Compared to most other large cities in the United States, Los Angeles has historically had one of the lowest ratios of police personnel to population served.[59] Former police chief William J. Bratton has made enlarging the force one of his top priorities (Bratton has been quoted as saying, "You give me 4,000 more officers and I'll give you the safest city in the world").[60]

The Los Angeles Police Department protects its city with only one officer for every 426 residents.[59] As a point of comparison, New York City boasts one NYPD officer for every 228 residents.[59] For Los Angeles to have the same ratio of officers as New York City, the LAPD would need to add nearly 17,000 officers. Further points of comparison include Chicago, which has a ratio of one officer per 216 citizens and Philadelphia, whose officer per citizen ratio is 1 to 219.[59]

In recent years, the department had been conducting a massive recruiting effort, with a goal of hiring an additional 1,500 police officers. One problem with such a drive is the lack of qualified candidates. The city has four specialized agencies, not directly affiliated with the LAPD, which serve the Port, the Airport, the City Hall, Library, and Zoo, and the Unified School District.

Racial and gender composition

For most of the Department's history up until the Gates administration, the LAPD was overwhelmingly white (80% in 1980), and many officers resided outside of the city.[61] Simi Valley, the Ventura County suburb that later became infamous as the site of the state trial that immediately preceded the 1992 Los Angeles riots, has long been home to a particularly large concentration of LAPD officers, almost all of them white.[61] A 1994 ACLU study of officers' home zip codes, concluded that over 80% of police officers lived outside city boundaries.[61]

Hiring quotas began to change this during the 1980s, but it was not until the Christopher Commission reforms that substantial numbers of black, Hispanic, and Asian officers began to join the force. Minority officers can be found in both rank-and-file and leadership positions in virtually all divisions, and the LAPD is starting to reflect the general population.

The LAPD hired the first female police officer in the United States in 1910, Ms Alice Stebbins Wells.[62] Since then, women have been a small, but growing part of the force. Through the early 1970s, women were classified as "policewomen" on the LAPD.[63] Through the 1950s, their duties generally consisted as working as matrons in the jail system, or dealing with troubled youths working in detective assignments.[63] Rarely did they work any type of field assignment and they were not allowed to promote above the rank of sergeant.[63] However, a lawsuit by a policewoman, Fanchon Blake, from the 1980s instituted court ordered mandates that the department begin actively hiring and promoting women police officers in its ranks.[63] The department eliminated the rank of "Policeman" from new hires at that time along with the rank of "Policewoman."[63] Anyone already in those positions was grandfathered in, but new hires were classified instead as "Police Officers," which continues to this day.[63]

In 2002, women made up 18.9% of the force. Women have made significant strides within the ranks of the department since the days of the Fanchon Blake lawsuit. The highest rank achieved by a woman in the department is Assistant Chief, to which Sharon Papa promoted in 2003. Following a reorganization of command staff by Chief Beck in 2009 Papa is serving at the rank of Commander. Papa came to the LAPD as a Commander from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Transit Police Department in 1997.[64] Chief Papa was the last Chief of Police from the MTA and is in command of the Valley Bureau.[65]

The LAPD was the first police department in the United States to hire black officers. In 1886, the department hired its first two black officers, Robert William Stewart and Roy Green.[66] Despite being the first police department to hire blacks, the LAPD had been slow at successfully integrating the department. During the 1965 Watts Riot, only 5 of the 205 police assigned to South Central Los Angeles were black, despite the fact that it was the largest black community in Los Angeles. Los Angeles' first black mayor Tom Bradley was an ex-police officer and quit the department after being unable to advance past the rank of Lieutenant like other black police in the department. When Bradley was elected mayor in 1972, only 5% of the LAPD was black [67] and there was only one Black Captain in the department, Homer Broome. Broome would break down racial barriers on the force going on to become first Black officer to obtain the rank of Commander and the first Black to command a police station, the Southwest Division which included historically black neighborhoods of South Central Los Angeles in 1975.[68]

According to the US Department of Justice, the LAPD was 82% male in 2000. 46% of the department was white, 33% of the department was Hispanic/Latino, 14% was African American, and 7% was Asian.[69]

Work environment

LAPD officers at crime scene

LAPD patrol officers have a three-day 12-hour and four-day 10-hour work week schedule. The department has over 250 types of job assignments, and each officer is eligible for such assignments after two years on patrol. LAPD patrol officers almost always work with a partner, unlike most suburban departments surrounding the city of Los Angeles, which deploy officers in one-officer units in order to maximize police presence and to allow a smaller number of officers to patrol a larger area.

The department's training division has three facilities throughout the city, including Elysian Park, Ahmanson Recruit Training Center (Westchester), and the Edward Davis Training Center (Granada Hills).[70]

Pay and benefits, however, are a plus to new LAPD officers, who are among some of the highest-paid police officers in the country. As of spring 2007, new recruits could earn money through sign on bonuses ranging from $5,000 to $10,000.[71][72] Sign on bonuses are paid 1/2 after graduation from the academy, and 1/2 after completion of probation.[72] Also, $2,000 could be added for out of town sign ons for housing arrangements.[72] As of July 2009, new recruits earned starting salaries of $56,522–$61,095 depending on education level, and began earning their full salary on their first day of academy training.[73]

As of January 2010, the starting base salary for high school graduates is $45,226. If the applicant has at least 60 college units, with an overall GPA of 2.0 or better, the applicant will start at $47,043. If the applicant has a BA or BS (four year) degree, the applicant will start at $48,880.

Resources

Transportation

Aviation

An LAPD Bell 206 JetRanger

The LAPD has vast resources,[71] Only the Civil Air Patrol and Office of CBP Air & Marine command a larger force. The Los Angeles Police Air Support Division resources include 17 helicopters ranging from 4 Bell 206 Jet Rangers to 12 Eurocopter AS350-B2 AStars. The LAPD also has 1 Beechcraft Kingair A200 and 1 unspecified and undenied drone.[74]

Main Airship missions are flown out of downtown's Piper Tech center at the Hooper Heliport, located outside of Union Station. The LAPD also houses air units at Van Nuys airport.[75]

A LAPD black and white.

Ground

Three vehicles are approved for use within the Los Angeles Police Department; they are the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, the Dodge Charger, and the Chevrolet Tahoe. The department is also testing the Chevrolet Impala and the 2011 Chevrolet Caprice PPV in their fleet.[76][77][78]

Service weapons

Before 1988, LAPD officers were armed with the Smith & Wesson Model 15, also known as the .38 "Combat Masterpiece". This was specifically designed at the request of the Los Angeles Police Department. It was a Smith and Wesson Military and Police .38 Caliber revolver with non-snag, high profile adjustable sights or the Model 36 "Chief's Special". In the car, locked to a steel bar, was an Ithaca Model 37, 12-gauge shotgun, loaded with "00" (double aught) buckshot, nine pellets to the cartridge. The shotgun was made specifically for the Los Angeles Police Department, and was called the "L.A.P.D. Special". The shotgun was based on the Ithaca Model 37 "Deerslayer", which was a weapon designed to hunt large game with rifled slugs. As a consequence of being designed for use with slugs, it had rifle sights, unlike most shotguns. The "L.A.P.D. Special" had a dull parkerized military finish instead of the more usual high gloss blue finish. The barrel was 18 and a half inches long, as opposed to the twenty inches of the civilian version. The advantages of the Ithaca Model 37 Shotgun over the Winchester and Remington models were that the Ithaca weighed a pound less, and could be used with equal ease by right or left-handed shooters due to the unique bottom ejection used. In response to increasing firepower carried by criminals, including fully automatic weapons and assault rifles, LAPD patrol officers were issued Beretta 92FS. Later, officers were able to carry the Smith & Wesson Model 5906, a semi-automatic 9mm pistol, in addition to a few other approved weapons. In response to the North Hollywood shootout of 1997, LAPD officers had the option of carrying the Smith & Wesson Model 4506 and 4566 service pistols. Until 2002, LAPD officers standard issue pistol was the Beretta 92F. However, when William Bratton was appointed Chief of the LAPD, he allowed his officers to carry the Glock pistol, a weapon which the two previous departments he was chief at (the New York City Police Department and the Boston Police Department) carried. New officers graduating from the LAPD academy are now issued the Glock 22 but can qualify in a variety of firearms. Officers now have the choice of carrying

Beretta:

92F, 92FS, 92FS-Stainless Steel, 8045 (4” barrel)

Smith & Wesson:

459, 5904, 5903, 659, 5906, 645, 4506, 4566, 4567, 5903 TSW, 5906 TSW, 4569 TSW, and 4566 TSW.

Glock:

9mm: Model 34, Model 17, Model 19
.40 caliber: Model 35, Model 22, Model 23

The LAPD SWAT team decided to go with the Kimber Custom TLE II in 2002, renaming it the Kimber LAPD SWAT Custom II.[79][80] Before that, LAPD SWAT carried modified Springfield or Colt M1911 pistols.[80] SWAT's primary weapons are the Heckler & Koch MP5 series submachine guns and most officers choose the fixed stock A2 model. For assistant weapons, officers carry AR-15s and CAR-15s. In the '80s and early '90s they carried Colt RO727s and RO733s. In 2000 they imported the M4A1s. The LAPD recently announced that their new shotgun would be the Benelli M4 Super 90.

LAPD awards, commendations, citations and medals

The department presents a number of medals to its members for meritorious service.[81] The medals that the LAPD awards to its officers are as follows:

Bravery

The Los Angeles Police Department Medal of Valor is the highest law enforcement medal awarded to officers by the Los Angeles Police Department. The Medal of Valor is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officers for individual acts of extraordinary bravery or heroism performed in the line of duty at extreme and life-threatening personal risk.[81][82][83]

Liberty Award.jpg

The Liberty Award, an award for bravery, was created in 1990 and has only been awarded once in the Department's history. It is a medal for police canines who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The award is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division canine who was shot and killed in the line of duty. Liberty's handler received the Medal of Valor for the same incident.[81][83]

Policemedal.JPG

The Police Medal is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officers for individual acts of heroism in the line of duty, though not above and beyond the call of duty, as is required for the Medal of Valor.[81][83]

Policestar.JPG

The Police Star is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officers for performing with exceptional judgment and/or utilizing skillful tactics in order to defuse dangerous and stressful situations.[81][83]

Lifesavingmedal.JPG

The Police Life-Saving Medal is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officers for taking action in order to rescue or attempt the rescue of either a fellow officer or any person from imminent danger.[81]

Service

Pdsm.JPG


PMSM.JPG


PMAM.JPG


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Cpm.JPG


Humanrelations.JPG


Unit Citations

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Ribbons

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1984 Summer Olympics from July 28 to August 12, 1984.[81][84]

1987pv.JPG

Given to LAPD officers who were used during the September 1987 pastoral visit of Pope John Paul II.[81][85]

92riots.JPG

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1992 Los Angeles riots from April 29 to May 4, 1992.[81][86]

1994quake.JPG

Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake from January 17 to January 18, 1994.[81][87]

Reserve service ribbon.jpg

Awarded for 4000 hours of service as a Reserve Police officer.

Controversy

Riots of 1992

Main article: Los Angeles riots of 1992

The Los Angeles riots of 1992, also known as the Rodney King uprising or the Rodney King riots, began on April 29, 1992 when a jury acquitted four LAPD police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King following a high-speed pursuit on March 3, 1991.[88][89] Immediately following the King incident, the Christopher Commission was formed in July 1991.[90] The commission, chaired by attorney Warren Christopher (who later became U.S. Secretary of State),[91] investigated the LAPD's hiring practices, as well as their handling of excessive force complaints.[90] However, with the election of Richard Riordan in 1992 before the verdict, the reforms recommended by Christopher were put on hold.

After seven days of jury deliberations, the jury acquitted all four officers of assault and acquitted three of the four of using excessive force. The evening after the verdict, thousands of people in the Los Angeles area rioted over the six days following the verdict. Widespread looting, assault, arson, and murder occurred, and property damages totaled one billion dollars. In all, 53 people died during the riots.[92]

Rampart scandal and consent decree

Following the Rampart Division C.R.A.S.H. scandal of the late 1990s - early 2000s, the United States Department of Justice entered into a consent decree with the LAPD regarding numerous civil rights violations.[93] Mayor Richard J. Riordan and the Los Angeles city council agreed to the terms of the decree on November 2, 2000. The federal judge formally entered the decree into law on June 15, 2001. The consent decree is legally binding, and lasted until July 17, 2009, when U.S. District Court Judge Gary Feess terminated it.[94] Under the terms of a transitional agreement approved by Feess, the Board of Police Commissioners and the Office of Inspector General, which monitors the Department on behalf of the Board of Police Commissioners, will assume responsibility for keeping tabs on the department's efforts to fully implement a few still-incomplete or recently finished reforms. If lawyers for the U.S. Department of Justice are not satisfied with the oversight by the LAPD's Inspector General, the agreement allows them to object and bring the department back before Feess.

The Rampart scandal mainly surrounded the unethical and illegal actions of members of the LAPD's anti-gang unit, Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH). In particular, Javier Ovando, an unarmed teenager, had been shot and paralyzed by then-officer Rafael Pérez. After the shooting, Pérez planted a gun on Ovando and claimed self-defense. Ovando was sent to prison, although later he was exonerated and released. By 2001, the resulting investigations would lead to more than 75 officers being investigated or charged and over 100 criminal cases being overturned due to perjury or other forms of misconduct[95]

The DOJ-LAPD Consent Decree places emphasis on the following nine major areas:[94]

The Consent Decree includes several recommendations from the Rampart Board of Inquiry, and several Consent Decree provisions mandate the Department to continue existing policies. Some of the more complex or major provisions in the Decree call for the following:[94]

There are several stakeholders in the LAPD Consent Decree compliance process. At the Federal level, stakeholders include:[94]

As the Consent Decree is a binding agreement between the City and the DOJ, the following City entities are key stakeholders:[94]

The Consent Decree Bureau was the LAPD bureau charged with overseeing this process. Until 2009, the Commanding Officer of the Consent Decree Bureau, a civilian appointed by the Chief of Police, was Police Administrator Gerald L. Chaleff.[94][96]

Other controversies

Other controversies include former detective Mark Fuhrman's role in the Nicole Simpson/Ron Goldman murder investigation (1994),[97][98][99] as well as the Rampart scandal-related Javier Ovando incident (In which Ovando, an unarmed teenage gang member, was shot, paralyzed, and framed by officers Rafael Perez and Nino Durden (1996)[100][101] and served 2½ years of a 23 year sentence before being exonerated),[100] the controversy surrounding the arrest of Stanley Miller (2004), the shooting death of 19-month-old Suzie Pena, who was shot in the head by police while being used as a human shield by her father (2005), and the LAPD's reaction to illegal immigrant rallies (2007).[102][103]

In 1962, the controversial LAPD shooting of 7 unarmed members of the Nation of Islam resulted in the death of Ronald Stokes, and led to protests of the LAPD led by Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam.[104] In 1972, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt was framed by members of both the LAPD and FBI, and his conviction was overturned on appeal on February 18, 1999.[105] In 1988, African-American baseball sportscaster and retired Baseball Hall of Fame player Joe Morgan was detained at Los Angeles International Airport by LAPD and L.A. Airport Police officers after falsely being identified as a drug dealer.[106] He was released when the LAPD realized their mistake in identity. Morgan subsequently filed a civil suit against both the LAPD and the city after he was denied the opportunity to file a formal complaint against the LAPD. The lawsuit would eventually be settled in 1993, and Morgan was awarded $800,000 by the Los Angeles City Council.[106]

The widely-publicized case of Christine and Walter Collins was depicted in the 2008 film Changeling. In March 1928, Christine Collins reported her nine-year-old son, Walter, missing. Five months later a boy named Arthur Hutchins came forth claiming to be Walter. When Mrs. Collins tried to tell the police that the boy was not her son, she was committed to a mental institution under a Section 12 internment. It was later determined that Walter had actually fallen victim to a child rapist/murderer in the infamous Wineville Chicken Coop Murders. Arthur Hutchins eventually admitted that he had lied about his identity in order to get to Hollywood and meet his favorite actor, Tom Mix.

LAPD in popular media

Several prominent representations of the LAPD and its officers include SWAT, Adam-12, Blue Thunder, Cellular, Colors, Crash, Columbo, Dark Blue, Die Hard, Dirty, Dragnet, Heat, Internal Affairs, Lakeview Terrace, The Shield ,[107][108] Southland, Speed , Street Kings , The Terminator, Training Day and the Lethal Weapon and Rush Hour film series. The television series LAPD: Life On the Beat provided a more accurate depiction of the LAPD.

The independently iconic television series Dragnet, with LAPD Detective Joe Friday as the primary character, was the first major media representation of the department.[109] Real LAPD operations inspired Jack Webb to create the series and close cooperation with department officers let him make it as realistic as possible, including authentic police equipment and sound recording on-site at the police station.[109]

Due to Dragnet's popularity, LAPD chief Parker "became, after J. Edgar Hoover, the most well known and respected law enforcement official in the nation."[109] In the 1960s, when the LAPD under Chief Thomas Reddin expanded its community relations division and began efforts to reach out to the black community, Dragnet followed suit with more emphasis on internal affairs and community policing than solving crimes, the show's previous mainstay.[110]

LAPD has also been the subject of hundred of novels by numerous writers. Elizabeth Linington used the department as her backdrop in three different series written under three different names, perhaps the most popular being those novel featuring Detective Lieutenant Luis Mendoza, who was introduced in the Edgar-nominated Case Pending. Joseph Wambaugh, the son of a Pittsburgh policeman, spent fourteen years in the department, using his background to make such novels as The New Centurions, The Choirboys, and Hollywood Station authentic fictional depictions of life in the LAPD. Wambaugh also created the Emmy-winning TV anthology series Police Story. Other LAPD officers who have, in Wambaugh's wake, turned their experiences into fiction include Paul Bishop, Dallas Barnes, and Will Beall. Wambaugh was also a major influence on James Ellroy, who wrote several novels about the Department set during the 1940s and 1950s, the most famous of which are probably The Black Dahlia, fictionalizing the LAPD's most famous "cold case", and L.A. Confidential, which was made into a film of the same name. Both the novel and the film chronicled mass-murder and corruption inside and outside the force during the Parker era. Critic Roger Ebert indicates that the film's characters (from the 1950s) "represent the choices ahead for the LAPD": assisting Hollywood limelight, aggressive policing with relaxed ethics, and a "straight arrow" approach.[111] Perhaps the most popular writer currently using LAPD as his background is Michael Connelly, the creator of ace Homicide Detective Harry Bosch, who was introduced in the Edgar-winning The Black Echo.

The LAPD are also portrayed in video games, with the 2003 video game, Midnight Club II, and with the 2008 video game, Midnight Club: Los Angeles.[112] A parody of the LAPD known as the Los Santos Police Department or LSPD is present in the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.

L.A. Confidential is part of a modern trend of more negative portrayals of the department that started with the Rodney King beating and subsequent riots. Examples of this include Changeling, a 2008 film that depicts LAPD corruption in the late 1920s.[113] There was, however, tension in Los Angeles prior to the riots, as evidenced by songs such as Fuck Tha Police by rap group N.W.A. The Closer and Southland are contemporary examples of neutral portrayals which have been missing in recent media coverage of the LAPD.[114][115][116]

LAPD SWAT has also been popularized in the media, most notably in the television series S.W.A.T. and the 2003 film by the same name.[117]

See also


Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "News Release, November 23, 2009". LAPD (eff. January 3, 2010). http://www.lapdonline.org/newsroom/news_view/43424. Retrieved 2009-11-27. 
  2. ↑ Department of Justice survey of local law enforcement
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "The LAPD: 1850–1900". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1107. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
  4. ↑ "History of the LASD". LASD. http://www.lasd.org/aboutlasd/history.html#dates. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "The LAPD: 1926–1950". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1109. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
  6. ↑ "The LAPD: Chief Parker". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1110. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Development of SWAT". Los Angeles Police Department. http://www.lapdonline.org/metropolitan_division/content_basic_view/849. Retrieved 19 June 2006. 
  8. ↑ "Development of SWAT". Los Angeles Police Department. http://www.lapdonline.org/metropolitan_division/content_basic_view/849. Retrieved 19 June 2006. 
  9. ↑ "The LAPD Officer Down Memorial Page". Officer Down foundation. http://www.odmp.org/agency/2221-los-angeles-police-department-california. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "History of the LAPD: History of Parker Center". Los Angeles Police Department. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1123. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 
  11. ↑ "Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/police_commission. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  12. ↑ "official website of the LAPD". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/834. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  13. ↑ "official website of the LAPD". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/6370. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "official website of the LAPD". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1063. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Press release regarding the new LAPD stations". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/newsroom/news_view/36684. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  16. ↑ "Regional Crime Center". http://www.lapdonline.org/home/pdf_view/39375. Retrieved 2009-01-01. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "About Central Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/central_bureau/content_basic_view/1908. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  18. ↑ "Central Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/central_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  19. ↑ "Central Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/central_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  20. ↑ "Hollenbeck Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/hollenbeck_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  21. ↑ "Newton Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/newton_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  22. ↑ "Northeast Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/northeast_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  23. ↑ "Rampart Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/rampart_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  24. ↑ Inglewood.org
  25. ↑ "Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept. - Compton Station". LASD. http://www.lasd.org/stations/for2/compton/. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  26. ↑ "South Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/south_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  27. ↑ "77th Street Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/77th_street_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  28. ↑ "Harbor Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/harbor_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  29. ↑ "LAPD opens new Harbor station, Los Angeles Times, April 26, 2009
  30. ↑ "Southeast Community Police Station". http://www.lapdonline.org/southeast_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  31. ↑ "About Southeast Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/southeast_community_police_station/content_basic_view/1752. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  32. ↑ "Southwest Community Police Station". http://www.lapdonline.org/southwest_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  33. ↑ "Southwest Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/southwest_community_police_station/content_basic_view/1639. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "official website of the Los Angeles Police Department". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/valley_bureau/content_basic_view/1921. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  35. ↑ "Valley Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/valley_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  36. ↑ "Mission Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/mission_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  37. ↑ "Devonshire Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/devonshire_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  38. ↑ "Foothill Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/foothill_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  39. ↑ "North Hollywood Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/north_hollywood_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  40. ↑ "Van Nuys Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/van_nuys_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  41. ↑ "West Valley Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/west_valley_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  42. ↑ "Name The New LAPD Station, Win $1000". LAist.com. http://laist.com/2008/01/02/name_the_new_la.php. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  43. ↑ "official website of Los Angeles Police Department". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/west_bureau/content_basic_view/1869. Retrieved 08-11-2008. 
  44. ↑ "Beverly Hills Website - Police". City of Beverly Hills. http://www.beverlyhills.org/services/police/default.asp. Retrieved 2008-08-11]. 
  45. ↑ "Police Department - SMPD Home Page - City of Santa Monica". City of Santa Monica. http://www.santamonicapd.org/. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  46. ↑ "West Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/west_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  47. ↑ "Hollywood Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/hollywood_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  48. ↑ "Wilshire Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/wilshire_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  49. ↑ "Pacific Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/pacific_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  50. ↑ "West Los Angeles Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/west_la_community_police_station. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  51. ↑ "West L.A. Community Police Station". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/1871. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Asian Pacific Islander Forum". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/community_forums/content_basic_view/38005. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  53. ↑ "Detective Bureau - official website of Los Angeles Police Department". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/detective_bureau. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  54. ↑ "Detective Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/detective_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  55. ↑ "heritage.org". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/Research/Crime/HL573.cfm. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  56. ↑ "COMPSTAT". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/6364. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  57. ↑ "Special Operations Bureau". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/special_operations_bureau. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  58. ↑ "Brief biography". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1110. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 "LAPD Announces Crime Down Again in 2005". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/january_2006/news_view/3729. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  60. ↑ "LAPD Authors". LAPD Authors. http://www.lapdauthors.com/los_angeles_police_department_history.html. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Newton, Jim. "ACLU Says 83% of Police Live Outside L.A." Los Angeles Times 29 March 1994: B1.
  62. ↑ "Women in LAPD". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/833. Retrieved 2007-09-21. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 "Are Women Better Cops?". TIME Magazine. 1992-02-17. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974878-3,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  64. ↑ "Sharon Papa". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_command_staff/comm_bio_view/765. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  65. ↑ "Official Website of the Los Angeles Police Department - Sharon Papa". http://www.lapdonline.org/lapd_command_staff/comm_bio_view/7652. 
  66. ↑ "The LAPD: 1850–1900". http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1107. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  67. ↑ By Lou Cannon. Official negligence: how Rodney King and the riots changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. p. 71. 
  68. ↑ Jason Felch (2007-11-27). "LAPD's First Black Commander". LAtimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/27/local/me-broome27. Retrieved 2010-05-11. 
  69. ↑ "Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/lemas00.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  70. ↑ "LAPD Training Division Mission Statement and Overview". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/home/content_basic_view/6375. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 
  71. ↑ "Join LAPD-Official Recruitment Site". LAPD. http://www.joinlapd.com/index2.html. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "Join LAPD-Signing Bonus". LAPD. http://www.joinlapd.com/bonus.html. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  73. ↑ "Join LAPD-Official Recruitment Site". LAPD. http://www.joinlapd.com/salary.html. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 
  74. ↑ "LAPD Maintenance". ALEA.org. http://www.alea.org/public/airbeat/back_issues/jan_feb_2005/LAPD_Maintenance.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  75. ↑ "Air Support Division". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/1179. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  76. ↑ LAPD Chevrolet Impala
  77. ↑ LAPD Chevrolet Impala
  78. ↑ LAPD Chevrolet Impala This page will be deleted. -Admin
  79. ↑ Holton, Christopher (April 5, 2004). "The .45 makes a comeback during the war on terrorism". WorldTechTribune. http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2004/wtt_03_29.html. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Arnold, David W.. "review of the Kimber Custom LAPD SWAT model". Handguns. http://www.handgunsmag.com/featured_handguns/kimber_0402/. 
  81. ↑ 81.00 81.01 81.02 81.03 81.04 81.05 81.06 81.07 81.08 81.09 81.10 81.11 81.12 81.13 81.14 81.15 81.16 81.17 "History". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1127. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  82. ↑ "Medal of Valor". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/27313. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 "LAPD Commendations". Liberty Library. http://www.libertylib.com/lapd-swat.shtml. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 
  84. ↑ "1984 Summer Olympics". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1130. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
  85. ↑ "1987 Papal Visit". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1131. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  86. ↑ "1992 Civil Disturbance". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1132. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  87. ↑ "1994 Earthquake". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1133. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  88. ↑ "The police verdict; Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating". NY Times. April 30, 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/08/home/rodney-verdict.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  89. ↑ Goldstein, Michael (2006-02-19). "L.A. Times feature article". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/magazine/west/la-tm-holidayfeb19,0,782232.story?coll=la-home-magazine. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department" (PDF). PARC. http://www.parc.info/client_files/Special%20Reports/1%20-%20Chistopher%20Commision.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  91. ↑ The Christopher Commission Report, www.hrw.org 1998 Reports, retrieved Nov. 5, 2008
  92. ↑ "The L.A. 53". By Jim Crogan. LA Weekly. April 24, 2002.
  93. ↑ "Consent Decree Overview: Civil Rights Consent Decree". http://www.lapdonline.org/search_results/content_basic_view/928. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  94. ↑ "PBS Rampart Scandal Timeline". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
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  96. ↑ "Mark Fuhrman". NNDB.com (noteworthy names database). http://www.nndb.com/people/209/000025134. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 
  97. ↑ Fuhrman, Mark (1997). Murder in Brentwood. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0895264218. 
  98. ↑ "Mark Fuhrman-UMKC". University of Missouri Kansas City School of Law. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Simpson/Fuhrman.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08. 
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  100. ↑ "Ovando Shooting". WSWS. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/sep1999/lapd-s23.shtml. 
  101. ↑ Jack Dunphy. "May Day Madness". National Review Online. http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OGIyODdjZGNhOWU5N2ZhNzg1Y2U0M2I5ODlmM2RlOTQ=. Retrieved 2007-05-03. 
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  103. ↑ [video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3804643876474086216 "1962 Malcolm X speech"]. video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3804643876474086216. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 
  104. ↑ "Framed Black Panther leader Geronimo Pratt wins appeal". WSWS. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/feb1999/prat-f18.shtml. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  105. ↑ 106.0 106.1 "Joe Morgan settles 5-year lawsuit against city of L.A - ex-baseball star to receive $800,000 for being assaulted by police officers". LA Times. 1993. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n6_v85/ai_14808422. Retrieved 2008-07-31. 
  106. ↑ Judith Grant (2002-05-22). "The Shield". Picturing Justice, the On-Line Journal of Law and Popular Culture. http://www.usfca.edu/pj/shield_grant.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-24. 
  107. ↑ "IMDB Trivia". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286486/trivia. 
  108. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 Michael J. Hayde (2001). My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized but True Story of Dragnet and the Films of Jack Webb. Cumberland House. ISBN 1581821905. 
  109. ↑ * Michael J. Hayde, My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized but True Story of Dragnet and the Films of Jack Webb, Cumberland House, 2001, ISBN 1-58182-190-5, quote at p. 192.
  110. ↑ Roger Ebert, L.A. Confidential (review), Chicago Sun-Times, September 19, 1997.
  111. ↑ "Midnight Club: Los Angeles Videos / Police Pursuit Trailer". Rockstar Games. http://www.rockstargames.com/midnightclubLA/videos/?id=25. 
  112. ↑ Richard Corliss (2008-05-20). "Clint and Angelina Bring a Changeling Child to Cannes". Time (Time Inc.). http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1807949,00.html. Retrieved 2008-10-10. 
  113. ↑ "The Closer on TNT". Turner Networks. http://www.tnt.tv/title/0,,612019,00.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  114. ↑ NBC.com
  115. ↑ "Southland". NBC. http://www.thefutoncritic.com/rant.aspx?id=20090401_southland. Retrieved 05-20-2009. 
  116. ↑ "S.W.A.T. Official Site". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/homevideo/s.w.a.t./. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 

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